AA

Administrative Arrangement.
An arrangement made under each of Australias bilateral safeguards agreements
setting out detailed procedures for the implementation of the agreement.

AAEC

Australian Atomic Energy Commissionpredecessor
of ANSTO.

ABACC

Brazilian-Argentine Safeguards
Agency.

Additional Protocol

Published as IAEA document INFCIRC/540,
the Additional Protocol is designed to complement a States Safeguards
Agreement with the IAEA, in order to strengthen the effectiveness and
improve the efficiency of the safeguards system.

AGSO

Australian Geological Survey
Organisation.

ANSTO

Australian Nuclear Science and
Technology Organisation

AONM

Australian Obligated Nuclear
Material: nuclear material which is subject to obligations pursuant to
one of Australias bilateral safeguards agreements. In practice it relates
to Australian uranium and nuclear material derived from it (e.g. uranium
hexafluoride, low enriched uranium, depleted uranium, plutonium).

AOPu

Australian Obligated Plutonium
(i.e. plutonium which is AONM).

ARPANSA

Australian Radiation Protection
and Nuclear Safety Agency.

ASAP

Australian Safeguards Assistance
Program.

Australia Group

A group of States that adhere
to common guidelines for controls on exports with the aim of preventing
the proliferation of chemical and biological weapons.

BAPETEN

Nuclear Energy Control Board
(Indonesia).

BATAN

National Nuclear Energy Agency
(Indonesia).

Biocontainment

A room or suite of rooms designed
to handle biological agents according to their risk groups defined in
the WHO biosafety manual. Work undertaken in a laboratory at a specific
level should follow procedures prescribed for that level of containment.

BWC

Convention on the Prohibition
of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacterialogical (Biological)
and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction.

BWR

Boiling Water Reactor: an LWR
in which the moderator/coolant is used directly to produce steam for electricity
generation.

C/S

Containment and Surveillance.
Containment refers to structural features of a facility or equipment which
enable access to nuclear material to be monitored and detectede.g. by
applying seals to a door. Surveillance refers to monitoring of nuclear
material, e.g. by cameras.

CD

Conference on Disarmament.

Challenge inspection

Under the CWC, an inspection
that can be initiated by a State Party to resolve suspicions about a particular
site.

Classical safeguards

The system of safeguards based
on INFCIRC/153.

Complementary Access

The right of the IAEA pursuant
the Additional Protocol to access a location to carry out verification
activities.

Comprehensive safeguards
agreement

Agreement between a State and
the IAEA for the application of safeguards to all of the States current
and future nuclear activities (equivalent to full scope safeguards)based
on INFCIRC/153.

Conversion

Processing of natural uranium
into a gaseous compound, uranium hexafluoride, for use as the feedstock
for uranium enrichment.

CPPNM

Convention on the Physical Protection
of Nuclear Material.

CTBT

Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban
Treaty.

CTBTO

Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban
Treaty OrganisationVienna based international organisation established
to give effect to the CTBT.

CWC

Chemical Weapons Convention.

Depleted uranium

Uranium having a U-235 content
less than that found in nature (i.e. as a result of uranium enrichment).

DFAT

Department of Foreign Affairs
and Trade.

DirectUse Material

Nuclear material defined for
safeguards purposes as being useable for nuclear explosives without transmutation
or further enrichment, e.g. plutonium, high-enriched uranium (HEU) and
U‑233.

Discrete organic chemical
(DOC)

Any chemical belonging to the
class of chemical compounds consisting of all compounds of carbon, except
for its oxides, sulphides and metal carbonates, identifiable by chemical
name, by structural formula, if known, and by Chemical Abstracts Service
(CAS) registry number, if assigned. Long chain polymers are not included
in this definition.

DOE

United States Department of
Energy.

DPRK

Democratic Peoples Republic
of Korea.

Enrichment

A physical or chemical process
for increasing the proportion of a particular isotope. Uranium enrichment
involves increasing the proportion of U-235 from its level in natural
uranium, 0.711%: for LEU fuel the proportion of U-235 (the enrichment
level) is typically increased to between 3% and 5%.

ESARDA

European Safeguards Research
and Development Association.

Euratom

The Atomic Energy Agency of
the European Union. Its Safeguards Office is responsible for the application
of safeguards to all nuclear material in civil nuclear facilities in Austria,
Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg,
the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and the UK.

Facility

(for CWC purposes) A plant,
plant site or production/processing unit. [NB. for legal purposes, the
term Facility, as it appears in provisions of the Chemical Weapons (Prohibition)
Act, has the same meaning as plant site].

Facility Attachment

(for safeguards purposes) A
document agreed between the IAEA and the relevant Member State which specifies
the nuclear materials accountancy system for a specific facility, and
defines the format and scope of inspection activities.

Fast neutron

A neutron in the fast energy
range (>0.1 MeV).

Fast neutron reactor

A reactor that operates mainly
with neutrons in the fast energy range. Because a moderator is not used,
a fuel with a high energy density is required, usually plutonium (more
specifically, MOX with a high proportion, e.g. 20-30%, of plutonium) or
HEU. Through transmutation of U-238, a fast breeder reactor is designed
to produce more plutonium than it consumes. However fast neutron reactors
can also be operated as net plutonium consumers.

Fissile

Referring to a nuclide capable
of undergoing fission by thermal neutrons (e.g. U-233, U-235, Pu-239).

Fission

The splitting of an atomic nucleus
into roughly equal parts, often by a neutron. In a fission reaction, a
neutron collides with fissile nuclide (e.g. U-235) and splits, releasing
energy and new neutrons. Many of these neutrons may go on to collide with
other fissile nuclei, setting up a nuclear chain reaction.

Fissionable

Referring to a nuclide capable
of undergoing fission by fast neutrons (e.g. Pu-240, Pu-242).

FMCT

Proposed Fissile Material Cut-off
Treaty.

Fuel Assembly (fuel
element or fuel bundle)

A grouping of fuel rods, pins,
plates, etc., held together by spacer grids and other structural components,
which is maintained intact during fuel transfer and irradiation operations
in a reactor.

Full Scope Safeguards

The application of IAEA safeguards
to all of a States present and future nuclear activities.

Graphite

A form of carbon, used as a
moderator in certain types of nuclear reactor. Graphite is a very efficient
moderator, enabling uranium to be used in a fission reactor without enrichment.

GW

Gigawatt (Giga = billion, 10⁹).

GWe / GWt

Gigawatts of electrical / thermal
power.

Heavy water (D₂O)

Water containing the heavy hydrogen
isotope deuterium (hydrogen 2) which consists of a proton and a neutron.
D₂O occurs naturally as about one part in 6000 of ordinary
water. D₂O is a very efficient moderator, enabling uranium
to be used in a fission reactor without enrichment.

HEU

High enriched uranium. Uranium
enriched to 20% or more in U‑235. Weapons grade HEU has been enriched
to over 90% U‑235.

HIFAR

High Flux Australian Reactor:
the 10 MWt research reactor located at ANSTOs Lucas Heights Research Laboratories.

Hot Cell

A shielded work area, with thick
lead glass windows and remote manipulation devices, in which radioactive
materials can be safely handled and inspected.

HTGCR

High temperature gas-cooled
reactor.

Hydroacoustic

Term referring to underwater
propagation of pressure waves (sounds).

IAEA

International Atomic Energy
Agency.

ICR

Inventory Change Report. A term
used in nuclear materials accountancy.

IDC

International Data Centre. Data
gathered by monitoring stations of the CTBT IMS network are compiled,
analysed and archived by the Vienna based IDC. IDC products giving the
results of analyses are made available to CTBT signatories.

IMS

International Monitoring SystemA
network of 337 monitoring stations and analytical laboratories established
pursuant to the CTBT which, together with the IDC, gather and analyse
data with the aim of detecting any explosive nuclear testing.

IndirectUse Material

Nuclear material that cannot
be used for a nuclear explosive without transmutation or further enrichment,
e.g. depleted uranium, natural uranium, low-enriched uranium (LEU), and
thorium.

INFCIRC

Information Circular. A series
of documents published by the IAEA setting out safeguards, physical protection
and export control arrangements.

INFCIRC/66 Rev.2

The model safeguards agreement
used by the IAEA since 1965. Essentially this agreement is facilityspecific.
In the case of non-nuclear-weapon States party to the NPT, it has been
replaced by INFCIRC/153.

INFCIRC/153 (Corrected)

The model agreement used by
the IAEA as a basis for negotiating safeguards agreements with non-nuclear-weapon
States party to the NPT.

INFCIRC/225 Rev.4.(Corr)

IAEA document entitled The Physical
Protection of Nuclear Material and Nuclear Facilities. Its recommendations
reflect a consensus of views among IAEA Member States on desirable requirements
for physical protection measures on nuclear material, that is, measures
taken for its physical security.

Infrasound

Sound in the frequency range
of 0.02 to 4 Hertz. One category of CTBT IMS stations will monitor sound
at these frequencies with the aim of detecting explosive events such as
a nuclear test explosion at a range up to 5000 km.

INMM

Institute of Nuclear Materials
Management.

Integrated safeguards

The combination of classical
and strengthened safeguards measures to give optimal effectiveness and
cost-efficiency.

ISD

International Security Division,
Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade.

Isotopes

Nuclides with the same number
of protons, but different numbers of neutrons, e.g. U-235 (92 protons
and 143 neutrons) and U-238 (92 protons and 146 neutrons). The number
of neutrons in an atomic nucleus, while not significantly altering its
chemistry, does alter its properties in nuclear reactions.

LEU

Low Enriched Uranium; uranium
enriched to less than 20% in U-235. Commonly LEU for use as LWR fuel is
enriched to between 3% and 5% U-235.

LHRL

Lucas Heights Research Laboratories.

Listed Agents

A specific list of microorganisms
and toxins proposed in the current draft of the verification protocol
to the BWC.

LWR

Light Water Reactor. The most
common type of power reactor, using ordinary (light) water as the moderator
and coolant. Because light water is not an efficient moderator the uranium
fuel must be slightly enriched (LEU).

MBA

Material Balance Area. A term
used in nuclear materials accountancy.

MBR

Material Balance Report. A term
used in nuclear materials accountancy.

Microbiological production

Production of food, medicine
and other chemicals by cultivation of microorganisms or tissue cultures.

Microorganism

Dead or alive bacteria, viruses,
fungi and singlecell organisms.

Moata

ANSTOs university training reactor
(Moata means firestick in an Aboriginal language). Now defuelled and awaiting
decommissioning.

Moderator

A material used to slow fast
neutrons to thermal speeds where they can readily be absorbed by U-235
or plutonium nuclei and initiate a fission reaction. The most commonly
used moderator materials are light water, heavy water or graphite.

MOX

Mixed oxide reactor fuel, consisting
of a mixture of uranium and plutonium oxidesfor fresh LWR fuel the plutonium
content is typically around 5%.

MHTGCR

Modular high temperature gas-cooled
reactor.

MUF

Material Unaccounted For. A
term used in nuclear materials accountancy.

MW

Megawatt (Mega = million, 10⁶).

MWe / MWt

Megawatts of electrical / thermal
power.

Natural uranium

In nature uranium consists predominantly
of the isotope U-238 (approx. 99.3%), with the fissile isotope U-235 comprising
only 0.711%.

NCG

National Consultative Group,
established by the Minister for Foreign Affairs in 1998 to provide advice
in the context of negotiations on strengthening BWC Verification Protocol.

NDA

Non-destructive analysis or
assay.

NDC

National Data Centre, pursuant
to the CTBT.

NMAC

Nuclear Materials Accountancy
and Control.

NMCC

Nuclear Material Control Centre
(Japan).

NNWS

Non-nuclear-weapon State(s).

NPT

Treaty on the Non-Proliferation
of Nuclear Weapons.

NRC

US Nuclear Regulatory Commission.

NSG

Nuclear Suppliers Group: a group
comprised of nuclear supplier States that adhere to guidelines set out
in the IAEA document INFCIRC/254 for controls on exports of nuclear materials,
equipment and technology.

Nuclide

Nuclear species characterised
by the number of protons (atomic number) and the number of neutrons. The
total number of protons and neutrons is called the mass number of the
nuclide.

NWS

Nuclear-weapon State(s): those
States recognised by the NPT as having nuclear weapons when the Treaty
was concluded, that is, US, UK, Russia, France and China.

OCPF

Other Chemical Production Facility:
a facility that produces discrete organic chemicals in quantities exceeding
thresholds defined in the CWC.

OPCW

Organization for the Prohibition
of Chemical Weapons.

OSI

On-site Inspectiona short notice
challenge type inspection provided for in the CTBT as a means for investigation
concerns about serious non-compliance the testing prohibition.

Pebble bed reactor

HTGCR using fuel in the form
of uranium/graphite spheres.

PIL

Physical Inventory Listing.
A term used in nuclear materials accountancy.

Plant

For CWC purposes, is defined
as a relatively selfcontained area, structure or building containing one
or more units for the production, processing or consumption of a chemical,
along with associated infrastructure.

Plant site

For CWC purposes, is defined
as the local integration of one or more plants, with any intermediate
administrative levels, which are under one operational control, and includes
common infrastructure.

Production

For CWC purposes, is defined
as the formation of a chemical through chemical reaction. Production of
chemicals specified by the CWC is declarable, even if produced as intermediates
and irrespective of whether or not they are isolated.

Programmatic

Refers to an agreed delineated
fuelcycle program (facilities and activities).

PWR

Pressurised water reactor: an
LWR in which the moderator/coolant heats a secondary cooling circuit that
produces steam for electricity generation.

R&D

Research and Development.

Reprocessing

Processing of spent fuel to
separate uranium and plutonium from highly radioactive fission products.

ROK

Republic of Korea.

S/RD

Shipper/Receiver Difference.
A term used in nuclear materials accountancy.

SAGSI

Standing Advisory Group on Safeguards
Implementation: an advisory group to the Director General of the IAEA.

SNL

Sandia National Laboratories,
USA.

SPNFZ

South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone
Treaty.

SSAC

State System of Accounting for
and Control of Nuclear Material: the national safeguards system required
of each State under its safeguards agreement with the IAEA.

Thermal neutron

A neutron in the thermal energy
range (<0.1 MeV). The thermal energy range is optimal for causing fission
reactions through neutron capture.

Thermal reactor

A reactor in which neutrons
are slowed to thermal speeds by use of a moderator.

TCNC

Technical Center for Nuclear
Control (ROK).

Toxin

Compound originating from microorganisms
animals or plants irrespective of the method of production whether natural
or modified that can death, disease or ill health to humans, animals or
plants.

TW

Terawatt (tera = trillion, 10¹²).

TWh

Terawatt hours.

U-233

Isotope 233 of uranium, produced
through neutron irradiation of thorium-232.

U-235

Isotope 235 of uranium (occurs
as 0.711% of natural uranium), comprising 92 protons and 143 neutrons.

U-238

Isotope 238 of uranium (occurs
as about 99.3% of natural uranium), comprising 92 protons and 146 neutrons.

UF₆

Uranium hexafluoride, a gaseous
compound of uranium and fluorine used as the feedstock for most enrichment
processes.

UOC

Uranium Ore Concentrates (i.e.
yellowcake).

WMD

Weapons of mass destruction
(nuclear, chemical, biological).